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The Great Migration
Jim Crow is the collective name for the laws that from the 1870s imposed racial segregation in the southern states and stripped Black Americans of the vote in practice. This is one of the largest internal migrations in any country in the twentieth century, and it was long treated as demography rather than as history. It moved the centre of gravity of Black American culture and politics northward, and laid the ground both for the civil rights movement's organisational strength and for jazz, blues, gospel and later soul and hip hop. It also met new segregation in the North, enforced through property covenants and the redlining of mortgages.
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